How To Set Up A Personal Area Network

Connected Health Approaches to Wound Monitoring

D. Finlay , in Smart Bandage Technologies, 2022

7.6.ane Personal Area Networks

A personal expanse network is a network concerned with the substitution of information in the vicinity of a person. Typically, these systems are wireless and involve the manual of data betwixt devices such every bit smartphones, personal computers, tablet computers, etc. The purpose of such a network is usually to allow either transmission of data or information between such devices or to server as the network that allows further upwardly link to the Internet. Developments in the area of Personal Area Networks (PANs) are largely overseen by the IEEE 802.fifteen working grouping [18].

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Sustainability Implications of Ubiquitous Computing Environs

Manish Shrivastava , Donart A Ngarambe , in Proceedings from the International Conference on Advances in Engineering and Engineering science, 2006

2.ii The Technology Trends

Ubiquitous calculating comprises a broad and dynamic spectrum of technologies. 2 of the about common placeholders for these devices are the personal technologies and smart environments.

Personal Area Network (PAN): It is an interconnection of personal technology devices to communicate over a short distance, which is less than 33 anxiety or 10 meters or within the range of an individual person, typically using some class of wireless technologies. Some of these technologies are:

●: Bluetooth applied science: The thought behind Bluetooth is to embed a low cost transceiver chip in each device, making it possible for wireless devices to exist totally synchronized without the user having to initiate whatever operation. The fries would communicate over a previously unused radio frequency at upwardly to 2 Mbps. The overall goal of Bluetooth might be stated every bit enabling ubiquitous connectivity between personal technology devices without the use of cabling as written in Mckeown (2003a).
●: High charge per unit W-PANs: As per standard IEEE 802.fifteen TG3, launched in 2003, these technologies utilize higher power devices (8 dBm) than regular Bluetooth equipment (0 dBm) to transmit information at a rate of up to 55 Mbps and over a range of up to 55 grand Ailisto et al (2003).
●: Low ability W-PANs: Equally per standard IEEE 802.15 TG4, these technologies are especially useful for handheld devices since energy consumption for data transmission purposes, and costs, are extremely low. The range of functioning of upwards to 75 one thousand is higher than current Bluetooth applications, but the data transfer rate is low (250 Kbps) Ailisto et al (2003).

BodyArea Network (BAN): Wireless body area networks interlink various wearable computers and can connect them to outside networks and exchange digital data using the electrical conductivity of the homo body equally a data network. Advantages of BANs versus PANs are the short range and the resulting lower risk of tapping and interference, as well as low frequency operation, which leads to lower system complexity. Technologies used for wireless BANs include magnetic, capacitive, low-power far-field and infrared connections Raisinghani et al (2004).

Sensors and Actuators: Sensors are essential in capturing concrete information from the existent world. Dissimilar types of sensors are needed for different phenomena. These devices collect data about the real world and pass information technology on to the calculating infrastructure for enabling controlling. They can detect and mensurate mechanical phenomena of the user like movements, tilt angle, acceleration and direction. Actuators provide the output direction from the digital world to the real globe. These devices permit a computing environs to affect changes in the real earth.

Smart Tags: The smart tags incorporate microchips and wireless antennas that transmit information to whatever nearby receiver which is acting equally a reader. Beyond just calculating a cost, the smart tags volition enable companies to track a product all the way. New tags tin can recognize more than 268 million manufacturers, each with more than ane 1000000 products. They utilize Radio frequency identification (RFID) system, which encompasses wireless identification through radio transmission.

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Wireless personal area networks

Alan Bensky , in Short-range Wireless Communication(Third Edition), 2022

12.half dozen Summary

Several WPAN are described in this affiliate. Bluetooth consists of two versions—BR/EDR, which we refer to as legacy Bluetooth, and BLE. BR/EDR is used more often than not for streaming information applications similar wireless headphones and loudspeakers. BLE, with its four defined roles and device capabilities, serves control and monitoring functions also every bit 1-way beacons, where very low free energy consumption for long bombardment life is a necessity. Both versions operate on globe-wide ii.4 GHz unlicensed frequency channels using frequency hopping medium access. Issues and solutions for coexistence between Bluetooth and IEEE 802.eleven devices are discussed.

The IEEE 802.15.4 standard and Zigbee implementations for personal area networks are designed for brusk-range network topologies and utilise in low cost, depression power devices. Several frequency ranges and modulation techniques are defined to suit sub-1 GHz regulations in unlike countries and regions, in addition to operation on the 2.4 GHz band.

Other WPAN standards for specific awarding requirements are discussed. They include 6LoWPAN, Thread, WirelessHART, Z-Wave, DASH7, and Pismire.

UWB is a WPAN applied science that stands apart from the others from the point of view of operating frequencies, bandwidth, data rates and consequently its applications. 2 signal generation techniques are explained—impulse radio and multiband OFDM. Due to spreading signal energy over a broad bandwidth, UWB does not interfere with narrow band communications over the same frequency range. Too, its broad bandwidth makes information technology particularly suitable for short range high precision wireless altitude measurement.

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Wireless Sensor Networks

Chris Townsend , Steven Arms , in Sensor Technology Handbook, 2005

Bluetooth (IEEE802.15.1 and .two)

Bluetooth is a personal area network (PAN) standard that is lower power than 802.11. It was originally specified to serve applications such as data transfer from personal computers to peripheral devices such equally cell phones or personal digital assistants. Bluetooth uses a star network topology that supports up to 7 remote nodes communicating with a unmarried basestation. While some companies have built wireless sensors based on Bluetooth, they have not been met with wide acceptance due to limitations of the Bluetooth protocol including:

1): Relatively high power for a short transmission range.
2): Nodes have a long time to synchronize to network when returning from sleep mode, which increases average organization power.
iii): Low number of nodes per network (<=vii nodes per piconet).
four): Medium access controller (MAC) layer is overly complex when compared to that required for wireless sensor applications.

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Assisted Living

Jeremy Linskell , Guy Dewsbury , in Handbook of Electronic Assistive Technology, 2022

Bluetooth

Bluetooth is another WPAN standard, operating in the two.4 GHz range using a method chosen frequency-hopping spread spectrum. Information technology is designed to operate at a distance of between 10 and 100 m, although it typically operates at 10 m or less. Its development began in 1989 at Ericsson Mobile nether the championship 'curt-link' radio engineering, to allow communication with wireless headsets and was named Bluetooth in 1997 while it was being repurposed by Intel for communication between mobile phones and computers. A master device can communicate with up to 7 devices inside an advert-hoc Bluetooth network, chosen a piconet, within which master/slave roles can be switched. Bluetooth was standardised as IEEE 802.15.1. It has undergone continuous evolution, with Bluetooth 4.0 besides known as Bluetooth Smart incorporating Bluetooth LE (low energy) beingness adopted in 2010. There are a number of home automation devices that are Bluetooth enabled, such as locks, blinds and LED lighting, but what makes this technology so important in the assisted living arena is its mass marketplace penetration via computers and especially smartphones. A large-scale proliferation of Bluetooth-enabled sensors and compatible apps in the health and well-being sphere can be seen. Bluetooth LE in particular offers many possibilities in terms of vesture devices that can communicate with smartphones. Most new smartphones running Android, iOS and Windows are now offering Bluetooth LE as standard.

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Networking: Wired and Wireless

Louis E. FrenzelJr., in Electronics Explained (2nd Edition), 2022

Bluetooth

Bluetooth was developed every bit a PAN for connecting computers, cell phones, and other devices up to a range of nearly 30 feet. It is a depression-speed data transmission method. Bluetooth operates in the aforementioned 2.four- to 2.483-GHz unlicensed spectrum every bit Wi-Fi. It uses a technique known equally frequency-hopping spread spectrum (FHSS), where the data is divided into chunks and transmitted via a carrier that hops from one random frequency to another. Data is transmitted at a 1-Mbps rate using FSK. An enhanced data charge per unit class of Bluetooth is also available to transmit at higher speeds upward to 3 Mbps. The range is 10–50 m depending on the surroundings. The standard is managed past the Bluetooth Special Involvement Group.

More contempo versions of Bluetooth use a different class of FHSS and are designed to operate on less ability. Called Bluetooth Depression Energy (BLE) information technology is bachelor in several forms for data rates of i or ii Mbps. BLE nodes can operate for years from a single button cell because of the very depression current drain. A newer version of BLE called Bluetooth 5 uses different modulation and coding schemes to accomplish information rates to 2 Mbps over a longer range up to 50 m or more.

One of the basic features of Bluetooth is that it is capable of forming pocket-sized networks called piconets. It does this past linking two Bluetooth devices together. One serves as a master controller, and it can connect to 7 other Bluetooth slave devices. Once the PAN has been ready up, the various connected devices can commutation information with one another through the master.

Past far the most common application for Bluetooth is cordless headsets for smartphones. Other common uses are Bluetooth speakers for smartphones or tablets likewise every bit hands-costless systems in automobiles. Merely y'all will also encounter it in some wireless connections between a PC and a mouse or keyboard. Bluetooth may exist the most widely used wireless standard in the earth because it is used in so many smartphones, laptops, and other consumer equipment. Billions of Bluetooth chips accept been sold.

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IoT and Sensor Networks Security

Gianfranco Cerullo , ... Luigi Sgaglione , in Security and Resilience in Intelligent Data-Centric Systems and Communication Networks, 2022

Acronyms

6LoWPAN: IPv6 over Low Power Wireless Personal Area Networks
ACK: acknowledgement
ARM: Advanced RISC Machine
BLE: Bluetooth Low Energy
CPU: Central Processing Unit
CRC: Cyclic Back-up Check
CSMA/CD: Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection
DoS: Denial of Service
DSL: Digital Subscriber Line
EPC: Electronic Product Code
EU: European Spousal relationship
FDM: Frequency Partition Multiplexing
FTP: File Transfer Protocol
GSM: Global System for Mobile communications
HTTP: Hypertext Transfer Protocol
ICT: Information and Communication Technologies
IoMT: Net of Medical Things
IoT: Internet of Things
IoTSF: Cyberspace of Things Security Foundation
ITS: Intelligent Transportation System
ITU-T: ITU Telecommunication Standardization Sector
LoRaWAN: Long Range Wide Area Network
M2M: Machine to Machine
MAC: Media Access Control
MIT: Massachusetts Establish of Technology
MQTT: MQ Telemetry Ship
NFC: Virtually Field Communication
PDA: Personal Digital Assistant
PDSL: Power line Digital Subscriber Line
PLN: Power Line Networking
QoS: Quality of Service
RAM: Random Access Memory
RFID: Radio Frequency IDentification
RTOS: Real Fourth dimension Operating System
SMTP: Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
SOA: Service Oriented Compages
TCP: Manual Control Protocol
UMTS: Universal Mobile Telecommunications System
UPC: Universal Product Code
URI: Uniform Resource Identifier
URL: Uniform Resources Locator
UUID: Universally Unique IDentifier
V2I: Vehicle-to-Infrastructure
V2V: Vehicle-to-vehicle
WPAN: Wireless Personal Expanse Network
WSN: Wireless sensor networks
ZC: ZigBee Coordinator
ZED: ZigBee End Device
ZR: ZigBee Router

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A Novel Cloud-Based IoT Architecture for Smart Building Automation

David Sembroiz , ... Davide Careglio , in Security and Resilience in Intelligent Data-Centric Systems and Communication Networks, 2022

2.1.3 6LoWPAN

The IPv6 over Low power Wireless Personal Expanse Networks or 6LoWPAN was created by a concluded working group in the Internet expanse of the IETF to fulfill the necessity to let whatever kind of device, fifty-fifty the smallest ones with limited power usage and processing capabilities, to participate in the Internet of Things.

6LoWPAN is a combination of IEEE 802.15.iv and IP in a unproblematic, well understood way. The key features of this protocol are the encapsulation definition and header pinch that allow the compatibility between local expanse networks and wide area networks with IEEE 802.15.4-based networks.

Since 6LoWPAN pertains to the network layer of the OSI model, it does not have a specific transmission specification. Instead, the underlying link layer protocol is responsible for providing them. As mentioned before, this protocol has been designed to work on height of IEEE 802.15.4 based networks which provides the manual characteristics already explained in Section two.ane.i.

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Energy Efficient Communication in Ambience Assisted Living

Chandreyee Chowdhury , ... Ennio Gambi , in Ambience Assisted Living and Enhanced Living Environments, 2022

3.1 Introduction/Motivation

With the advancement of medical science, the average longevity of human is increasing day-by-day resulting in more elderly population in many countries (Un Section of Economic and Social Affairs, 2022). This trend demands new ways of medical care that acts proactively rather than beingness reactive. Currently, treatment is provided to handle emergencies. Yet with more elderly population, 24-hour interval-to-day monitoring is needed for early detection of whatsoever bibelot in vital signs. Hospitals cannot handle this huge load. Rather, the living surroundings at domicile can be made smart enough to monitor and find any vital signs and communicate it to the proper place, like a nursing center or the infirmary. Every bit mentioned in Wang et al. (2015), "Ambient Assisted Living (AAL) enhances the independent living ability of the elderly through various intelligent services, reducing the need for direct care giving, indoors or outdoors". The employ of wireless technology, in detail medical applications of wireless sensor networks and wireless torso area networks in AAL, improves the existing health-care and monitoring services especially for the elderly and chronically ill. A recent study (Prescot, 2022), forecasts that the number of home monitoring systems with integrated advice capabilities volition grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 26.9% between 2022 and 2022, to achieve 9.4 million connections worldwide. These figures imply that the demand for wellness-intendance devices and AAL systems is increasing to involve citizens' in personal health-care, support independent living and economize the health-intendance expenses. These solutions provide a number of benefits including, remote monitoring and reduced costs for managing the health-care systems. With remote monitoring, the identification of emergency conditions for at risk patients will become piece of cake and the people with different degrees of cognitive and physical disabilities will receive proper help to have a more than contained and piece of cake life. First responders could receive immediate notifications from such smart environments on any changes in patient status, such as respiratory failure or cardiac arrest (Shnayder et al., 2005).

A typical AAL system consists of diverse technologies and systems incorporating medical sensors, wireless sensor and actuator networks (WSANs), RFID tags and readers, computer systems, computer-networks, software applications, and databases, which are interconnected to exchange data and provide services in an ambient assisted environment (Lloret et al., 2022; Gambi et al., 2022 ). Wireless communication serves every bit a key enabling engineering to support connectivity among different components of the system including, medical sensors, ambience sensors, dwelling gateways and wireless routers that enable the logging/monitoring applications to written report data in soft real-fourth dimension to health-intendance professionals. Most of the existing solutions include one or more types of sensors carried by the patient, forming a Body Surface area Network (BAN), and one or more types of sensors deployed in the environment forming a Personal Area Network (PAN). These 2 are connected to a backbone network via a gateway node. In general, 2 classes of sensors tin be used for monitoring in AAL: sensors to monitor the environment and habiliment sensors to sense a person's context and activeness. Data from these ii networks of sensors should be analyzed to monitor any vital sign. For case, the heartbeat sensor may give higher reading when a person is jogging, so does the temperature sensor. Thus, to filter out false positives, data from the accelerometer and location of the sensor are very important to appropriately contextualize the information.

In AAL system comprising BAN and PAN sub-components, one of the almost precious resource is free energy. Since sensor nodes rely on battery power and can simply operate as long as their batteries maintain power, their hardware systems (micro-controller and radio advice subsystems east.g. ZigBee or 802.15.four) should be designed for low power consumption. Generally speaking, the corporeality of free energy consumed in radio communication is significantly higher than the energy consumed by micro-controller. Since, the AAL system depends on communication activities to relay the sensor data across BAN and PAN subsystems, the energy efficiency remains a central claiming for terminate-to-terminate communication. These challenges necessitate that energy efficient communication protocols are designed. In addition to the energy efficiency, AAL systems also need to address many more complex challenges including, reliability of communication, security, privacy, user mobility, interference and quality of service (QoS) (Porambage et al., 2022). A brief description of these challenges is provided below;

1.: Reliable communication: Interfacing dissimilar communication technologies should exist reliable enough to transport the important medical information (physiological sensor readings, patient's vital signs etc.). Any loss is not acceptable.
2.: Security and privacy: Treatment massive individual data-Any violation of privacy and hence data integrity is extremely important. The data may consists of sensitive and individual medical or personal data which should be fairly protected.
3.: Multiple receivers: Information could exist sent to doctors or a brandish unit of measurement at the room. So multi-bandage rather than uni-bandage is more than suitable.
iv.: In-network aggregation cannot be applied as information technology is not meaningful to combine data from multiple patients.
5.: User mobility: Mobility of the patient results in the alter of topology with fourth dimension equally BAN connects to different indicate of attachment.

An example compages of AAL arrangement is shown in Figure 3.1. As can be seen, the BAN constitutes tier-ane where trunk sensors communicate directly or indirectly to the BAN coordinator. In tier-two, information is received from the BAN coordinator to local access point or a habitation gateway, smart devices acting every bit a gateway of a uncomplicated workstation that is continued to the Internet. The data received past any tier-2 device is finally transmitted to tier-3 via the Internet or cellular network. Such a system can operate in a centralized or distributed fashion. Habiliment sensors carried by a person institute a BAN configuration consisting of a BAN coordinator and multiple sensors like the one shown in Effigy three.1. The sensors communicate with the BAN coordinator following IEEE 802.xv standard, or other communication protocols (Spinsante et al., 2022). These BAN coordinators may have a direct or indirect connection to some central device (PDA or nursing station coordinator) in tier two in the edifice (Aquino-Santos et al., 2022), the primary coordinator (say) following IEEE 802.11 LAN standard. This signal of attachment tin exist distributed equally well. For instance, whenever a patient moves, the BAN coordinator registers itself to the nearest tier ii device (Khan et al., 2022). Tier 2 devices farther connect to Internet or wireless mobile network in tier three providing global access to sampled information from AAL BAN and PAN.

The residue of this affiliate is organized as follows. Section 3.2 explores the related piece of work focusing on arrangement and network architecture, as well every bit inter-BAN communication. Department iii.3 articulates the trouble conception for the energy efficient road calculation. In Department 3.4 we present the evaluation results for the proposed protocol. Finally, the summary and conclusions are provided in Section 3.5.

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IEEE 802.15.4 Based Wireless Sensor Network Design for Smart Grid Communications

Chun-Hao Lo , Nirwan Ansari , in Handbook of Light-green Information and Advice Systems, 2022

iv.three The IEEE 802.xv Technologies: Wireless Personal Expanse Networks

WSN is oftentimes deployed under the auspice of the wireless personal area network (WPAN), which was initially designed to take characteristics of low complexity, depression information rate, and depression energy consumption. WSN facilitates large-scale and fast deployment, as well as low implementation price. Information technology supports curt-range wireless communications and is typically adopted in industry and smart homes. WSNs have been widely used in diverse applications, such as surveillance for crimes, traffic congestion abstention, telemedicine and e-healthcare, and ecology monitoring. Nevertheless, sensor networks used in ability systems are by and large wired-based and are not interconnected [iv]. Moreover, WSNs deployed in the smart filigree system have more than stringent requirements than those in other applications in terms of communications link quality, radio frequency (RF) interference, quality of service (QoS) provisioning, latency, and security [3, four,12,xiii]. Several challenges have been identified in the studies, among which severe interference in shared ISM bands with the existing communications networks is a primary concern.

In order to alleviate the trouble, techniques such as multichannel access [14], WiFi features adoption [15], and cognitive radio [16] integrated in WSNs were proposed to enhance the performance of the smart filigree communications. Utilizing the channel resource over time (e.g., parallel manual using dual transceivers) helps address the coexistence event, besides every bit reduce traffic loads (including retransmission) and energy consumption to some caste. It may also mitigate the packet loss caused by collision, congestion, and wireless impairments. In other words, spectrum sensing management, data traffic management, and power control direction are important elements that predominantly decide how optimized the network functioning tin be achieved, subject to the constraints of complexity, toll, overhead, and power consumption.

By the second quarter of 2022, the IEEE 802.15 Working Group (WG) for WPAN consisted of 9 Task Groups (TGs) [17], equally described in Table 4.2

Tabular array four.ii. IEEE 802.xv Job Groups

(i) Bluetooth (2005)

(2) Coexistence of WPAN with other wireless devices operating in unlicensed frequency bands (2003)

(3) Loftier charge per unit WPAN (HR-WPAN) (2003)

(b) MAC amendment/enhancement (2006)

(four) Depression charge per unit WPAN (LR-WPAN) (2003)

(a) Alternative PHY (2007)

(b) Revision and enhancement for LR-WPAN-2003 (2006)

(d) Alternative PHY to back up Japanese frequency bands (2009)

(due east) MAC amendment and enhancement for LR-WPAN-2006 (2012)

(f) Active RFID organization; new PHY and enhancement to LR-WPAN-2006 for RFID (2012)

(g) Smart utility networks/neighborhood SUN (2012)

(5) Mesh topology capability in WPAN (2009)

(vi) Body area network (2012)

(7) Visible lite communication VLC (2011 to present)

IGthz—TeraHz Interest Grouping (2008 to present)

WNG—Wireless next generation (2008 to present)

Wireless MAC and PHY specifications have been divers for different WPAN purposes among TGs [xviii]. IEEE 802.15.i was originally developed past the Bluetooth Special Involvement Grouping. Information technology defines PHY and MAC for the conventional WPAN. The coverage of wireless connectivity with fixed or portable/handheld digital wireless devices operated by a person or object is up to 10 m (in radius) of a personal operating space (POS). Unlike ZigBee, Bluetooth supports much shorter range and coordinates no more than seven devices in its network. Too, information technology is ability-hungry (i.e., the supported lifetime is only a few days) due to the FHSS (frequency-hopping spread spectrum) engineering science employed in the PHY. Similarly, Z-Wave Alliance [19], a proprietary standard designed for home automation operating in around 900 MHz, is not as popular equally ZigBee.

IEEE 802.15.2 addresses the limitation of coexistence of IEEE 802.fifteen.i-2002 WPANs and IEEE 802.11b-1999 WLANs operated in unlicensed ISM frequency bands. It provides a number of modifications to other standards in IEEE 802.15 for enhancing coexistence with other wireless devices, as well as recommended practices for IEEE 802.11-1999 devices to facilitate coexistence with IEEE 802.15 devices.

IEEE 802.15.3 was meant for wireless multimedia to back up loftier data rates in WPAN required for fourth dimension dependent and dissimilar consumer applications, such equally big file transfer in video and digital nonetheless imaging. IEEE 802.fifteen.3b adds enhancements to ameliorate the efficiency of IEEE 802.xv.3 including the newly defined MLME-SAP (MAC layer management entity-service admission point), ACK (acknowledgment) policy and implied-ACK, LLC/SNAP (logical link control/subnetwork access protocol) information frame, and a method for CTA (channel time allocation). IEEE 802.xv.3c, namely mmWave, enables information rates greater than 5 Gbps operating in the 60 GHz ring and defines a beam-forming negotiation protocol to improve the communications range for transmitters. It also supports aggregation of incoming information and ACKs, respectively, into single packets to improve MAC efficiency past reducing retransmission overhead as well as facilitating coexistence with microwave systems in WPAN. Applications such as real-time video streaming, HDTV, video on need, and content downloading are supported.

IEEE 802.15.4b, i.e., 802.fifteen.four-2006, the footing for the ZigBee specification, adds enhancements and corrections to IEEE 802.15.4-2003. Major modifications are reducing unnecessary complexities, increasing flexibility in security key usage, and supporting additional frequency bands in various countries. IEEE 802.xv.4a [20] provides enhanced resistance to multipath fading with very low transmit power. In order to alleviate the problem, ii alternative PHYs were developed. Ane is to use an ultra wideband (UWB) impulse radio operating in the unlicensed UWB spectrum (i.eastward., sub-GHz or below 1 GHz, three–5 GHz, and half-dozen–10 GHz) to increase the precision ranging capability to an accurateness of 1 meter or amend. Another one is to apply chirp spread spectrum (CSS) in the unlicensed ii.4 GHz ISM band to back up long-range links or links for mobile devices moving at high speed past adopting the unique windowed chirp technique in social club to heighten robustness and mobility. The CSS method outperforms 802.15.4b (250 Kbps), 802.15.iii (22 Mbps), 802.fifteen.ane (1 Mbps), and 802.11b (1, ii, five.5, 11 Mbps) operating in the two.four GHz ISM band. Moreover, IEEE 802.15.4c defines an alternate PHY in addition to those in IEEE 802.15.4b and IEEE 802.15.4a to support one or more than of the Chinese 314–316 MHz, 430–434 MHz, and 779–787 MHz bands. It also provides modifications to MAC needed to support the associated PHY. IEEE 802.xv.4d specifies alternating PHYs for the Japanese 950 MHz band, and modifies MAC to back up the new frequency allocation. By the time of this publication, IEEE 802.15.4-2011 which is a revision of the 2006 version will be published equally a single certificate to consolidate the previous three amendments (i.east., 2 PHYs and i MAC) in order to avoid inadequacies or ambiguities discovered in the earlier standards. Tabular array 4.three provides detailed information on specifications for IEEE 802.15.4b/a/c/d.

Table 4.3. PHY Specifications in IEEE 802.15.4a, b, c, and d

Standard	Year	Frequency band (MHz)	Data Charge per unit (kb/s)	Scrap Rate (kchip/southward)	Flake-Symbol Ratio	Channel Bandwidth (MHz)	Number of Channels	PHY (DSSS) with Modulation Employed
15.4b	2006	868–868.half-dozen	20, 100, 250	300, 400, 400	1, 4, 20	<1	i(0)	BPSK, O-QPSK, Inquire
		902–928	40, 250, 250	600, 1600, m	1, 5, four	<1	ten(ane–10)	BPSK, PSSS-ASK, O-QPSK
		2400–2483.5	250	2000	four	ii	16(11–26)	O-QPSK
xv.4a	2007	250–750	851 (mandatory); 110, 6810, 27,240 (optional)	–	–	500	1(0)	BPM-BPSK
		3244–4742					iv(one–4)
		5944–x,234					11(5–15)
		2400–2483.5	k (mandatory), 250 (optional)		vi, 1.v		14	CSS-DQCSK
15.4c	2009	779–787	250	1000	four	–	4(0–3)	O-QPSK/MPSK
	2009	868–868.6, 902–928	20, 40	300, 600	1	–	4(iv–7), reserved	BPSK
15.4d	2009	950–956	twenty/100	300/–	1	–	10(0–9)/12(ten–21)	BPSK/GFSK
15.4d	2009	2400–2483.v	250	2000	4	–	Reserved	O-QPSK

IEEE 802.15.5 provides an architectural framework enabling WPAN devices to promote interoperable, stable, and scalable wireless mesh topologies. The features include the extension of network coverage without either increasing the transmit power or receiver sensitivity, enhanced reliability via route redundancy, easier network configuration, and longer battery life on devices. Lee et al. [21] discussed issues of addressing and unicast/multicast routing. They further investigated the mesh routing in Hr-WPAN supporting QoS by using hierarchically logical tree and address blocks. Solutions of energy saving from asynchronous and synchronous aspects as well as the support of portability for mobile devices in LR-WPAN were further presented. Other WGs in progress [17] include the post-obit:

•: TG4e enhances and adds functionality to the IEEE 802.15.4-2011 MAC. The improvement will support the industrial markets and permit compatibility with modifications being proposed within the Chinese WPAN. It will farther enable various application spaces including manufactory/procedure/building automations, asset tracking, domicile medical wellness/monitor, and telecommunications applications.
•: TG4f works on the specifications of an agile RFID (RF IDentification) tag device. Such a device is typically attached to an asset or a person with a unique identification. Information technology acquires the ability to produce its own radio signal by employing ambient energy harvested from the surrounding surroundings.
•: TG4g is creating a PHY subpoena to IEEE 802.15.4-2011 to provide a globally fundamental standard for the smart utility neighborhood (Sun) network operating in the 700 MHz–1 GHz and 2.four GHz ISM bands with data rates supported in between 40 kbps and 1 Mbps. The associated IEEE 802.11ah developing standard, which will define the use of frequencies beneath 1 GHz for WiFi networks, has been considered equally a management for the IEEE 802.15.4g participants.
•: TG6 is developing a standard optimized for very-low-power devices worn on/around or implanted in human/animal bodies to serve a variety of applications for medical purposes and others.
•: TG7 introduces a new communications engineering science that is different from the traditional RF engineering science and uses visible light having wavelength between ~400 nm (750 THz) and ~700 nm (428 THz). This technology has mainly been tested in restricted areas such as aircraft, spaceships, and hospitals. Moreover, the group is also looking into the future of LED (light-emitting diode) development for applications of illumination, display, ITS, and others, in the interest of its bonny potential for environmental protection, energy saving, and efficiency.
•: IGthz intends to explore the feasibility of the terahertz frequency band roughly from 300 GHz to three THz for wireless communications.
•: WNG is charged past the IEEE 802.15 Wireless Next-Generation standing committee to facilitate and stimulate presentations and discussions on new wireless related technologies inside the defined scope.

Notably, some of these standards will be completed past early 2022; meanwhile, it can be foreseen that more Working Group activities volition be formed to address related bug with respect to the IEEE 802.15 standard. Readers are referred to Reference [17] for the corresponding updates. Nonetheless, amidst the aforementioned standards, IEEE 802.15.3 Hour-WPAN and IEEE 802.15.4 LR-WPAN are the most promising technologies to back up smart grid applications with various bandwidth requirements. Sun, specified by the IEEE 802.xv.4g Chore Group (TG4g), has been adult to tackle a number of technical challenges in communications systems for the utility operators: (one) how to manage high volumes of metering data and control messages amidst a large number of meters/sensors (or nodes) in Sunday networks throughout the AMI, and (2) how to constitute self-configuring and self-healing utility networks in an efficient and price-constructive manner. The legacy IEEE 802.15.iv has been amended to provision the PHY (by TG4g) and MAC (by the IEEE 802.xv.4e Task Grouping or TG4e) layer requirements in the Lord's day design. Three modulation formats in the PHY layer proposal are the multirate frequency shift keying (MR-FSK), multirate orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (MR-OFDM), and multirate showtime quadrature phase shift keying (MR-OQPSK) [59]. Depending on different regions and network requirements (e.1000., dumbo urban areas versus distant rural locations), diverse modulation modes, data rates, bandwidths, and channel spacing must be adaptively configured and allocated. The principal event in SUN is coexistence with homogeneous and heterogeneous systems, especially in sharing the same network resources. Utilizing sub-GHz frequency bands (i.eastward., license-exempt bands below 1 GHz) ¹ [59] every bit well as facilitating multi-PHY direction (MPM) with the common signaling mode (CSM) ^two [60] is a foreseeable solution to signal interference in Dominicus networks.

In addition to the proposals of the state-of-the-art PHY schemes for Sunday, virtually of the MAC protocols specified in IEEE 802.15.4 are adopted for SUN only with small changes. Therefore, we will review a number of issues and challenges in the following section that have been addressed based on recent LR-WPAN studies predominantly in MAC designs. The survey on network measurements in the legacy IEEE 802.15.4 protocol will provide useful collation for investigation of Lord's day networks research.

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